Zeeteelt

Zeeteelt
VPRO Noorderlicht / 25 min / 20-02-2001
De zee is goeddeels leeggevist. En nu de visserij van kabeljauw ten einde loopt, is in Noorwegen alle hoop gevestigd op de KWEEK ervan. Overal elders in Europa wankelt de bio-industrie, maar in Noorwegen heerst volop het geloof in de maakbaarheid van de natuur. Maar laat de natuur zich wel beheersen ?

VPRO NOORDERLICHT – TRANSCRIPT
AFLEVERING ‘ZEETEELT’
UITZENDING 20-02-2001
DOOR JOS WASSINK

00:00 LEADER

00:20 KLEIN VISSERSSCHEEPJE OP ZEE

COMMENTAAR:
De zee is goeddeels leeggevist. En nu de visserij van kabeljauw ten einde loopt, is in Noorwegen alle hoop gevestigd op de KWEEK ervan.
Overal elders in Europa wankelt de bio-industrie, maar hier heerst volop het geloof in de maakbaarheid van de natuur.
Maar laat de natuur zich wel beheersen ?

GROTE ZEEFARM

00:51 TITEL OVER BEELD: ZEETEELT

PER GUNNAR KVENSETH
SENIOR CONSULTANT
NORWEGIAN SEAFOOD FOUNDATION
Bergen is really built on the cod trade from the northern Norway, dried cod taken out to Bergen and traded to Europe by the Hanseatics. So that is the whole fundament of Bergen.

01:02 OP MARKT VIS VANGEN VAN KABELJAUW

PER GUNNAR KVENSETH:
These are farmed salmon, there are no wild salmon at this time of year. So it’s a big industry in Norway about 500.000 ton a year.
– What about the cod?
We have the cod over here and it’s a .. this is a wild cod he told us. And cod farming is increasing we have now the technology and the biology more or less under control. It depends more on the market side. It can grow as big as the salmon industry I guess.

KABELJAUW IN MOTEN

02:00 COMMENTAAR:
Vorig jaar schreef de visserijconsulent Per Gunnar Kvenseth in opdracht van de Noorse overheid een rapport over de mogelijkheden voor kabeljauwkweek. Was de kabeljauw geschikt te maken voor industriële produktie?

PER GUNNAR KVENSETH:
You have to have full control over the whole reproduction and ongrowing cycle. you need to have a broodstock where you can get the eggs from, eggs and milt. So you can get fertilised eggs to hatch them into a larvae that you can start feed in culture. And for cod this happened for the first time about 100 years ago.

02:36 BLAUWIGE STILLE ZEE

COMMENTAAR:
Lange tijd bestond er geen belangstelling voor de kweek van kabeljauw omdat de vis te goedkoop was. Dat is afgelopen jaar drastisch veranderd door de terugval in de vangsten.

MAGNUS TVEIT: VISSER
Very much of this size this year. Especially this size. But a few years ago mostly was of this size. 10 kilo’s about.

VISSERSBOOT VAART UIT;
VROEGE OCHTEND, BLAUWIG LICHT

COMMENTAAR:
Visser Magnus Tveit houdt van z’n schip en de wijdsheid van de fjorden. Maar van de kabeljauwvangst kan hij al lang niet meer rondkomen.
Dat het KWEKEN van kabeljauw een lucratieve bezigheid kan worden blijkt wel uit het succes van de zalmkwekerijen. De Noorse zalmkweek voorziet in de halve wereldconsumptie en behaalt daarmee een even grote omzet als de gehele Noorse visserijsector.

DR. REID HOLE:
DIRECTOR OF TECHNOLOGY
NUTRECO
So here you see a very nice one, which is about two kilo’s. And that one was transfered to sea water in april last year, so it has been here for 10 months. But I think we should leave it out, take it out like this.

SPLASH!

ONDERWATER; DICHTE SCHOOL ZALMEN VLAK VOORBIJ CAMERA

DR. REID HOLE:
In these cages we have on average 50.000 fish and today the weights of the fish is around two kilo’s, so that means about 100 tons in each cage.
Today there is about 1300 tons and the total production over 18 months will be in the area of 3.200 tons.

04:29 LOPENDE BAND IN ZALMFABRIEK

COMMENTAAR:
Noorwegen produceert jaarlijks 500.000 ton zalm, dat wil zeggen ruim 100 miljoen dieren. Dat gaat niet zonder problemen.

04:53 PER GUNNAR KVENSETH:
Usually when you take a plant or an animal into culture, there will be diseases, parasites and bacterial and viral diseases. In nature that is not a problem because the density isn’t that high in nature but when you take this organism into culture to get an economic profitbale business you will have to increase the density. Then the organism will be stresses and you get problems with bacterial diseases with viral diseases and with parasites. Because it is easy transfered from one organism to the other.

05:29 DR. REID HOLE:
Very often we think that large production means a lot of disease problems or infections problems. That is not the case .. here .. at all … for Norwegian aquaculture.

05:41 PER GUNNAR KVENSETH:
Today it is not serious, at least not in Norway. But it was serious. Because we introduced bacterial diseases from abroad that was not known in the Norwegina aquaculture industry. So before we developed effective vaccines we had to treat it with antibiotics.
But as we know from other species there will be new parasites and new diseases and new problems in the future.

06:05 VISSERSBOOT HAALT NET BINNEN;
SCHRALE VANGST, EEN ENKELE GRATENBAK

MAGNUS TVEIT:
– What was in the catch?
Eh, sei.
– How many ?
Ten. About ten. Eight to ten. Some damaged. Soem of them damaged.
– Any cod?
No, no cod. But I think there’s cod here. It’s a better place for cod. Yes. So now I think we shall see some cods.

06:55 DR TERJE VAN DER MEEREN:
AUSTEVOLL AQUACULTURE RESEARCH STATION
The cod is a very calm fish, it’s quietly swiming in the net pans. It comes to you sometimes if you’re just taking out your arms like this and when it’s hungry it’s coming up to see what’s going on. Is there any food coming?
I think cod is a perfect fish. It’s delicious fresh caught and I love it very much.
– For it’s character or it’s taste?
Both.

07:32 PER GUNNAR KVENSETH:
There is a cod fever not only going on in Bergen but all along the Norwegian coast and there are several things working together. First of all the Norwegian salmon industry is restricted in their growth, so they can grow with about 10 % a year that’s a deal between the EU and Norway. Then there are developed technology to develop cod. Cod fry and big cod in ongrowing pens more or less like salmon industry and the technology we can transfer a lot of ongrowing technology from the salmon to the cod. And Then we have these over fishing problems in the North Sea that have driven the price for cod high. So today there are technology and there seem to be prices to make profitable cod farming.

08:24 COMMENTAAR:
Voor een industriëel opgezette kweek moet de voortplanting van kabeljauw vol-continu gemaakt worden. In de natuur schiet de kabeljauw alleen kuit in het vroege voorjaar. Maar hun biologische klok blijkt eenvoudig te beïnvloeden.

DR TERJE VAN DER MEEREN:
In ‘94, ‘95 we did a change in the life cycle of the broodstock cod and we managed to get the fish spawn in the autumn. We have done that again this year and this year we have gone further: we have taken the eggs, we have incubated them and we have reared the larvae for the first time in the world as far as I know.

09:04 ENTREE INDOOR TANKS

DR TERJE VAN DER MEEREN:
We have a control of the light. So, the only light these guys see is what we have above the tank here. And this is controled by a light controler. So this fish here now believes it is 25th of july.

09:39 TERUG BIJ VISSERSBOOT;
SCHOONMAKEN VIS EN
ZEEMEEUWEN IN DE LUCHT

MAGNUS TVEIT:
– What was in the second catch?
About the same. But only sei, no cod. Only sei. Many damage, damage in fishes. Few damage.About the half of the catch was damaged. Of sealouse. Sometimes in the year it is much sealouse.

– Do you still expect to find cod in the next catch?
Yes I hope so but these places is sei, mostly sei. Next place. I think it’s not far from the seafarm and there it is often much sei. I hope we will see some cods.

10:34 ARTEMIA KEUKEN
MEISJE NEEMT MONSTER UIT PRUTTELENDE BAK
CU LARVEN IN GLAZEN PIJP

COMMENTAAR:
In de natuur groeit de kabeljauwlarve van algen en plankton. In de kweek moeten ze het doen met ander levend voedsel, dat het hele jaar door verkrijgbaar is en in grote hoeveelheden aan te maken.

DR TERJE VAN DER MEEREN:
They hatch in 14 days, and they have to be fed life food. And then after 40 days maybe you can start to give them dry food. And that again is a critical stage.

In this tank I would suggest it is between 15 and 20.000 fish. The tank volume is one and a half cubic meter.
This fish here would have some problems because we are now putting dry food, trying to ween it to dry food and some fish will die. So not all of them will grow into large fish, but hopefully most will.

In smaller systems we have succeeded in 80 % survival through these critical stages. In these tanks we have not finished, we don’t know the numbers yet but hopefully we do more than 50 %, perhaps 60. We will just have to see.

TERUG BIJ DE TANKS; ONDERWATER

COMMENTAAR:
De kabeljauw die de overstap naar droogvoer heeft overleefd, wacht nu de volgende stap in het selectieproces.

12:10 DR TERJE VAN DER MEEREN:
In the sea cage stage ongrowing to market size, there is large differences in growth, individual differences in growth.
Appearantly these differences in size is connected to the genetics of the fish meaning that some individuals have the potential of growing very fast utilising the food very good. So if you use these fish in a broodstock program it means that the offspring of that fish probably have a higher potential for growing than if you are selecting the small fish. And it has been done with salmon and it has also been done on land with sheep, cow, cattle, you name it.

COMMENTAAR:
Helaas groeit kabeljauw niet erg snel. Maar in Canada is een ZALM ontwikkeld die ruim twee keer zo snel groeit als gevolg van een genetische ingreep. Het is verleidelijk dat bij kabeljauw ook te proberen.

13:11 PER GUNNAR KVENSETH:
Well, there is a pressure today but the fish farming industry has resisted the pressure yet. But it’s very difficult about the future and such quite controversial things. It’s a pressure for them but … There is also ..
Well, if the market will accept it, then it will come. If the market don’t accept it, it will not come.

13:38 TERUG BIJ VISSERSBOOT;
DE BODEM LIGT VOL MET VIS

MAGNUS TVEIT:
– So Magnus, how much was it now?
Oh, 200 kilo’s I think. Mostly sei.
About two kilo each. <TLT UP>
– Is that a good catch?
Yes good enough. Yes. Sometimes it is very located. This fish is very located at some area.
Sometime you can catch very much and next day zero maybe. Very located.

14:32 VISSEN VOEREN OP ONDERZOEKSINSTITUUT

DR TERJE VAN DER MEEREN:
With an exception of these weening stages to dry food I feel it is under control. The largest mortalities in an industrial production is in the weening stages from larvae to dry food.
If we succeed in controled season independent fry production, talking about millions from single plants it will be the same prospects as for salmon farming, talking about hundreds of thousands of tons per year.

15:35 PER GUNNAR KVENSETH:
But to get a business you need to know about all the different problems; diseases, parasites, cod is canabalistic. They will eat eachother if you don’t grade them. They will behave very different in the net from salmon. If there is a hole, they will find it. A salmon will pass by a hole. A cod will go close to the net and find the hole and disappear out.
It’s very experimental but now a number of companies put a lot of money into it to put all the different parts together and some of them will hopefully be successfull.

16:07 POV RIJER OVER BRUG

COMMENTAAR:
Een van de grootste investeerders in kabeljauwkweek is het Nederlandse bedrijf Nutreco. Vorig jaar september verwierf het een meerderheidsbelang in het bedrijf Cod Culture Norway.

RIT DOOR BAR LANDSCHAP

DR. REID HOLE:
The reason why we want to go into cod farming is based on reports from United Nations Food and Agricultural Organisation FAO. They have predicted that by the year 2030 there will be a demand for fish which is basically 60% higher then the wild catches in the world today.
There is an increasing demand for seafood and a decreasing catch in the world.

AANKOMST BIJ BOUWPLEK AAN BAAI

16:55 PER GUNNAR KVENSETH:
Nutreco is building after a new method, a total intensive method that is developed for sea barse and sea bream and we have seen that in the year 2000 that some companies have had quite good success, especially the aquaculture station in Austevolle they have up to 50 % survival. So I guess Nutreco will use their method and hopefully they will be successfull and produce maybe one to two million fry in the year 2002 already.

17:26 AANKOMST AUTO;
REID HOLE STAPT UIT

DR. REID HOLE:
Next year we will have a building over here which is about 3000 square meters and in that building you will find the broodstock so the mothers and the fathers producing eggs and milt. And we will also see the fry over here and they will grow on til they are 5 grams each.
– And what numbers of production do you aim for?
The first year we will shoot for 3 to 400.000 juveniles and then I mean finished juveniles which will be about 5 grams. And then we will take these juveniles out in a nursery and we will keep them there until they are about 100 to 200 grams a little bit dependent of the sea temperature. An after the nursery stage they will be moved into cages and it’s the same sea cages as we saw earlier today when we were out at the salmon farm.

18:30 PER GUNNAR KVENSETH:
Well, one of the problems is that when you build up a new marine hatchery with all clean tanks and all clean pipes you usually will be succesfull for the first 2 or 3 batches. Very successfull! And then you may get bacterial cultures building up in the pipelines, or you’re building up problems that you have no control over. And you must have culturing animals that are successfull for more or less all the time. And you have a lot of and you must manipulate your spawning fish to be… to give eggs more or less every week throughout the year. So it’s a lot of big challenges to be resolved.

19:11 COMMENTAAR:
Een andere ‘uitdaging’ is het voedselprobleem: Hoe voedt je zo’n sterk groeiende bio-industrie? Tot nu toe komt het voer uit de zogeheten industriele visserij, die zich op kleine vissen richt. Maar betekent dat geen nieuw gevaar voor overbevissing?

19:33 PER GUNNAR KVENSETH:
You have an overview from a scientific recommendations on how much to catch. If the international fishing fleet stay to the recommendations.
– But they don’t.
Now and then we have.. we hear of histories that they do not. That’s true, yes.

COMMENTAAR:
Beperkingen voor de industriele visserij hebben er al wel toe geleid dat er nagedacht wordt over alternatieve visvoeders.

PER GUNNAR KVENSETH:
So they have been trying with soja, there have been experiments with protein made from fermentation made from gas, and they are using leftovers from herring filet industry from harvesting cod. There are a lot of new restrictions coming on so that is constantly a challenge.

COMMENTAAR:
Afval van de visfileerderij is goedkoop alternatief visvoer, maar sinds de BSE-crises is men terughoudender geworden met dit soort gesloten voedselketens.

20:37 PER GUNNAR KVENSETH:
You are not allowed to feed salmon leftovers to feed the salmon.
– Why is that?
It’s a -what you call it- a precaution yeah. It’s a general rule within all animal rearing. You don’t use .
– Is it fear for fish-bse or something?
Yeah, you may say that. But you must remember that most of the natural fish are cannibalistic so … yeah. They eat eachother in nature if they are dense enough.

DR TERJE VAN DER MEEREN:
– So something like fish-bse doesn’t exits?
I will not say that it does not exist, but it would… I don’t know. I haven’t heard about it. We don’t know actually anything about this. But I mean people have been eating fish for as long as there have been people on the Earth. So it’s certainly not a major problem, but I haven’t heard about it now.

TERUG NAAR DE MARKT

21:39 COMMENTAAR:
De hoge dichtheid op viskwekerijen en de genetische homogeniteit vormen een ideale voedingsbodem voor nieuwe, tot nu toe onbekende ziekten en epidemieën. Maar voor de Noren vormt dit kennelijk geen belemmering om de viskwekerijen flink uit te breiden.
De gekweekte kabeljauw is in opmars en de visserij kan er weinig meer tegenover kan stellen.

MAGNUS TVEIT:
This is small, very small cod. This year is mostly the cod we catch is this size. Very small. Sometimes we can catch a big one but mostly it’s small cod this year. Last year it was much bigger.
– Is there any future in cod fishing?
Yes if we can regulate it. It must be regulation. Big regulation. Maybe stop the fish for a time, a few years maybe. To build up the stock again. Yeah.

23:12
SAMENSTELLING Jos Wassink
CAMERA Niels van ‘t Hoff
GELUID Menno Euwe
MONTAGE Jac Verheul
MUZIEK Jan Jonker
MIX Jack Bol
KLEURCORRECTIE Hans Buitink
LEADER Marco Vermaas
COMMENTAAR Tessel Blok
REDACTIE Kees de Groot van Embden
Maarten Hidskes
Simon Rozendaal
Karin Schagen
Annemieke Smit
Jacqueline de Vree
Gertjan Wallinga
Jos Wassink

MMV Willem Dekker, RIVO
Andries Kamstra, RIVO
Henk Heessen, RIVO
Sigbjörn Lumdelde, Fiskertdirektorat
Anne Berit Skiftesvik, Austevolle
Ivar Helge Mellinge
Rune Vindene, Gaia Studio
Floor Rodenburg

PRODUCTIE Karin Spiegel
Madeleine Somer

EINDREDACTIE Hansje van Etten
copyright VPRO 2001

23:38 ZWART

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montage ZEETEELT pag. #

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