{"id":91,"date":"1997-09-28T15:58:14","date_gmt":"1997-09-28T15:58:14","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.joswassink.nl\/inzicht\/?p=91"},"modified":"2010-07-03T12:31:15","modified_gmt":"2010-07-03T12:31:15","slug":"de-lege-zee","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.joswassink.nl\/inzicht\/?p=91","title":{"rendered":"De Lege Zee"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">De<\/span><\/strong> <strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Lege  Zee<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<em>VPRO Noorderlicht \/ 25 min \/1997<\/em><br \/>\nKunnen visserijmodellen eigenlijk wel gebruikt worden om visserijbeleid  op te baseren? Sinds in &#8217;92 de kabeljauw voor de Canadese oostkust verdween is  daar gerede twijfel aan. De onvoorspelbaarheid van de natuur, de onzekerheden  in de bepalingen en de kortetermijn visie van de beleidsmakers maken een  andere vorm van visserijbeleid noodzakelijk, meent de Schotse visserijbioloog Robin  Cook. Verder komen Dr Sidney Holt en Willem Dekker (rivo) aan het woord.<\/p>\n\n\t\t<style type='text\/css'>\n\t\t\t.gallery {\n\t\t\t\tmargin: auto;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t.gallery-item {\n\t\t\t\tfloat: left;\n\t\t\t\tmargin-top: 10px;\n\t\t\t\ttext-align: center;\n\t\t\t\twidth: 100%;\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t.gallery img {\n\t\t\t\tborder: 2px solid #cfcfcf;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t.gallery-caption {\n\t\t\t\tmargin-left: 0;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t<\/style>\n\t\t<!-- see cfct_post_gallery() in carrington-core\/attachment.php -->\n\t\t<div class='gallery'><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/www.joswassink.nl\/inzicht\/wp-content\/uploads\/1997\/09\/Holt.jpg'>Holt<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt>\n\t\t\t\t<dd class='gallery-caption'>\n\t\t\t\tDr Sidney Holt: \"Visserijmodellen zijn ongeschikt om vangstquota vast te stellen.\"\n\t\t\t\t<\/dd><\/dl><br style=\"clear: both\" \/><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/www.joswassink.nl\/inzicht\/wp-content\/uploads\/1997\/09\/Dekker.jpg'>Dekker<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt>\n\t\t\t\t<dd class='gallery-caption'>\n\t\t\t\tWillem Dekker, RIVO: \"Onze waarschuwingen worden systematisch genegeerd.\"\n\t\t\t\t<\/dd><\/dl><br style=\"clear: both\" \/><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/www.joswassink.nl\/inzicht\/wp-content\/uploads\/1997\/09\/Cook.jpg'>Cook<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt>\n\t\t\t\t<dd class='gallery-caption'>\n\t\t\t\tDr. Robin Cook, Marine Laboratory Aberdeen: \"Noordzee kabeljauw staat op instorten.\"\n\t\t\t\t<\/dd><\/dl><br style=\"clear: both\" \/>\n\t\t\t<br style='clear: both;' \/>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<p><strong>Tekst van de uitzending:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p> &lt;tt&gt;VPRO NOORDERLICHT<br \/>\nUITZENDING 28 SEPT 97<br \/>\nTITEL: DE LEGE ZEE &lt;\/tt&gt;<\/p>\n<p>&lt;tt&gt;DR ROBIN COOK<br \/>\nFISHERY SCIENTIST<br \/>\nMARINE LABORATORY ABERDEEN<br \/>\nIf you\u00a0 re a young cod, one year old and alive, your chances in\u00a0 making it to the age of four, when you\u00a0 d be old enough to spawn, is\u00a0 only 4%.&lt;\/tt&gt;<\/p>\n<p>&lt;tt&gt;WILLEM DEKKER<br \/>\nVISSERIJBIOLOOG<br \/>\nRIVO IJMUIDEN<br \/>\nGa je terugkijken, dan zie je dat we al jaren geleden gezegd hebben:\u00a0 we hebben ergens een rooie grens getrokken, daar willen we niet\u00a0 overheen. En we zijn er overheen.&lt;\/tt&gt;<\/p>\n<p>&lt;tt&gt;DR SIDNEY HOLT<br \/>\nFISHERY SCIENTIST<br \/>\nWe have to look for another way of managing fisheries. Playing with\u00a0 the models is interesting science but it is not necessarily the\u00a0 practical way of safely managing fisheries for the future.&lt;\/tt&gt;<\/p>\n<p>&lt;tt&gt;POLYGOON ARCHIEF, 1947<br \/>\nIJmuiden leeft weer op. De trawlervloot telt nog slechts half zoveel\u00a0 boten als voor de oorlog, maar de opbrengst is enorm. Per schip worden\u00a0 soms 100.000 kilo vis aangevoerd en alleen aan haring komt in het\u00a0 hoogseizoen anderhalf miljoen kilo per week binnen.<br \/>\nDe haring gaat onmiddelijk naar de afslag. De vangstrijkdom is mede\u00a0 het gevolg van het feit dat in de vijf oorlogsjaren vrijwel niet gevist\u00a0 werd.&lt;\/tt&gt;<\/p>\n<p>&lt;tt&gt;DR SIDNEY HOLT<br \/>\nThe first job I was given when I started in 1947 was to try to see if\u00a0 the fish in the North sea had increased as much as had been predicted\u00a0 when there was no fishing.&lt;\/tt&gt;<\/p>\n<p>&lt;tt&gt; I was a new boy from the city seeing fishing for the first time.\u00a0 One of the images I had in Lowestoft was of a herring boats come in. And\u00a0 particularly one day, they were racing for the market, the early\u00a0 morning market, I was watching one of the herring boats come in through\u00a0 the opening of the port. It was coming in like a submarine. It was so\u00a0 loaded with fish, up to the gunners, completely overloaded, just went\u00a0 down. That was what herring fishing used to be like.&lt;\/tt&gt;<\/p>\n<p>&lt;tt&gt; And we found that, as predicted, the fish had increased by being\u00a0 left for five years. The second part of my job was to try to see how we\u00a0 could calculate how much fishing there should be so that there in the\u00a0 future could always be steady catches without any collapse of the\u00a0 stocks.<br \/>\nTo do that, we build on work that had been done before the war. The\u00a0 problem was to turn that into a way of actually calculating what we\u00a0 could do to advice the countries around the North sea what they should\u00a0 catch. And with my colleague Ray Beverton, we produced equations,\u00a0 algebraic equations.<br \/>\nHow we did that is perhaps best illustrated by a graph. First graph\u00a0 is catch against stock, the amount of fish in the sea. It gives you a\u00a0 curve like that. This is the stock when there is no fishing. But here is\u00a0 where the catch has taken so much that there is no stock left. And in\u00a0 between there is a maximum.<br \/>\nThe second graph is again of the stock, we call it parents. They\u00a0 ve\u00a0 given birth to young. So here\u00a0 s the number of young coming from the\u00a0 parents. And we think we have a curve like this. Now we can draw another\u00a0 graph. Here is the parent stock, the mature animals and here the young\u00a0 coming from the parents and we have a curve that\u00a0 s something like that.<br \/>\nWe decided that for the plaice and haddock in the Northsea, we were\u00a0 in a real situation somewhere around here and what we wanted to do was\u00a0 to move towards this way to get bigger stock and bigger catch\u00a0 but with\u00a0 less boats and we wouldn\u00a0 t have much change in the number of young.<br \/>\nInstead with failures of management, most stocks have gone down this\u00a0 way towards the left. So you have smaller catches, smaller population\u00a0 and smaller number of young. You can see because here it becomes steep.\u00a0 It is potentially a catastrophic situation. You can have a collapse of\u00a0 the sort.&lt;\/tt&gt;<\/p>\n<p>&lt;tt&gt;WILLEM DEKKER<br \/>\nVISSERIJBIOLOOG RIVO, IJMUIDEN<br \/>\nWij bepalen hoeveelheid vis in Noordzee om te kunnen adviseren aan de\u00a0 regering, aan Brussel, over het viserijbeleid dat er gevoerd wordt.<br \/>\nWij bepalen de dichtheid van visbestanden, de omvang van de\u00a0 visbestanden in wezen op twee manieren. En die twee manieren vullen\u00a0 elkaar aan. De eerste methodes zelf met een schip de zee op te gaan met\u00a0 een ons bekend net en jaar in jaar uit daarmee op vaste plaatsen te\u00a0 vissen. En de vangsten door te meten.<br \/>\nHoe saai het ook is, hoe weinig vis je ook vangt of hoeveel vis je\u00a0 ook vangt. Je gaat door standaard. Dat levert ons met name veel\u00a0 informatie over de jonge vis. Oudere vis ook wel, maar veel minder.<br \/>\nDe tweede methode die we gebruiken is dat we in feite zeggen de\u00a0 belangrijkste doodsoorzaak voor vis is de visserij. Visserij weten we\u00a0 vrij goed. Dat zijn mensen en die brengen vis op de wal.<br \/>\nDus als wij ook op de wal staan en de vis waarnemen weten hoeveel ze\u00a0 aanlanden, welke soorten ze aanlanden, weten hoe groot die vissen zijn,\u00a0 welke geslachten ze hebben enz. Dan kunnen dus gaan terugrekenen wat er\u00a0 daarvoor in zee gezeten heeft.<br \/>\nJe kunt het vergelijken met de visserij als overlijdensregister. Als\u00a0 je het complete overlijdensregister in handen hebt kun je terugrekenen\u00a0 wat er eigenlijk zat. Die twee geCOMbineerd, aan de ene kant de\u00a0 visserijafslag en de aanlanding van vissers levert het meest eenduidige\u00a0 en exacte antwoord op. Aan de andere kant onze eigen\u00a0 bemonsteringstochten op zee leveren alleen maar een relatief getal. Nou\u00a0 heb ik twee dingen bij elkaar. Ik heb een relatieve maat en ik heb uit\u00a0 die visserij terugrekenend een absolute maat en dan kan ik die twee\u00a0 koppelen.<br \/>\nEn dan kun je de vervolgstap maken en zeggen: \u0152ik vang nou heel weinig\u00a0 jonge kabeljauw, dus hoef ik de volgende jaren ook niet te rekenen dat\u00a0 er in de markt, in de commerci\u00eble visserij noemenswaardig kabeljauw\u00a0 gevangen gaat worden. Er is gewoon heel weinig.&lt;\/tt&gt;<\/p>\n<p>&lt;tt&gt;MICK EASEY<br \/>\nSCIENTIFIC OFFICER<br \/>\nMARINE LABORATORY LOWESTOFT<br \/>\nThese are the otoliths of the fish I\u00a0 m taking out. They\u00a0 re part of\u00a0 the ear system. They help with balancing and detect movement in the\u00a0 water. This is how we tell the age of the fish.<br \/>\nThey have rings in the same way as the rings of a tree. There\u00a0 s\u00a0 summer growth and winter growth and counting each pair of rings would be\u00a0 one years growth. This will be just over two years old.<br \/>\nMost of the fish are caught between two and three years old.<br \/>\nCod matures round about two to three or four years old, so quite a large\u00a0 proportion of fish this size wouldn\u00a0 t have spawned.&lt;\/tt&gt;<\/p>\n<p>&lt;tt&gt;WILLEM DEKKER<br \/>\nEn dat is niet alleen bij kabeljauw, maar dat is bij vele vissoorten.\u00a0 Dat is de kern van wat wij groei-overbevissing noemen: de dieren pakken\u00a0 op een lengte op een leeftijd dat ze gewoon nog niet zo groot zijn als\u00a0 eigenlijk voordelig zou zijn.&lt;\/tt&gt;<\/p>\n<p>&lt;tt&gt;DR SIDNEY HOLT<br \/>\nToo much fishing means the catches are going down catastrophically\u00a0 and the number of parents are going down catastrophically. And the\u00a0 number of young coming from the parents are going down catastrophically.\u00a0 So you have a situation for a complete collapse of the fishery such has\u00a0 happened with the herring a few years ago, such as is now happening\u00a0 with the cod in the North Atlantic.&lt;\/tt&gt;<\/p>\n<p>&lt;tt&gt;COMMENTAAR<br \/>\nIn 1992 voltrok zich voor de Canadese oostkust het grootste drama uit\u00a0 de visserijgeschiedenis. De legendarische visserijgronden voor\u00a0 Newfoundland bleken leeggevist. \u0152s Werelds grootste kabeljauwpopulatie\u00a0 was verdwenen, met als gevolg een volledig vangstverbod.&lt;\/tt&gt;<\/p>\n<p>&lt;tt&gt;VISSERIJMINISTER CANADA<br \/>\n(ARCHIEF NATIONAL FILMBOARD OF CANADA)<br \/>\nI\u00a0 ve decided that effective at midnight tonight, there will be a\u00a0 moratorium on harvesting of northern cod until the spring of 1994.&lt;\/tt&gt;<\/p>\n<p>&lt;tt&gt;COMMENTAAR<br \/>\nMaar de crisis duurt voort tot op de huidige dag en heeft\u00a0 veertigduizend mensen van hun baan beroofd. De crisis was het\u00a0 definitieve faillissement van visserijbeleid gebaseerd op\u00a0 populatiemodellen.&lt;\/tt&gt;<\/p>\n<p>&lt;tt&gt;WILLEM DEKKER<br \/>\nAls je voor de Newfounland kabeljauwcrisis gezegd had: \u0152zijn de\u00a0 visserijmodellen zo goed dat we beheer kunnen plegen dan had iedereen\u00a0 geroepen: JAHA, kan. En dan blijkt op gegeven moment dat de marges toch\u00a0 niet zo smal zijn als dat je hoopte. &lt;\/tt&gt;<\/p>\n<p>&lt;tt&gt;DR SIDNEY HOLT<br \/>\nOne thing is that managers didn\u00a0 t take much note of the scientists.\u00a0 But knowing this, scientists often gave advice that they thought the\u00a0 managers would accept. So they were not so conservative as their\u00a0 scientists said they should be. So they would go towards. But you can\u00a0 t\u00a0 compromise with nature. So there was a failure of science there. &lt;\/tt&gt;<\/p>\n<p>&lt;tt&gt;COMMENTAAR<br \/>\nDe wetenschap mag dan haar lesje geleerd hebben van de Canadese\u00a0 kabeljauwcrisis, maar aan visserijbeleid is er nog niets veranderd. In\u00a0 een poging duidelijk te maken dat de kabeljauw ook hier gevaar loopt,\u00a0 publiceerde de Schotse visserijbioloog Robin Cook een artikel in NATURE.\u00a0 Hierin betoogt hij dat de Noordzee kabeljauw op instorten staat.&lt;\/tt&gt;<\/p>\n<p>&lt;tt&gt;DR ROBIN COOK<br \/>\nFISHERY SCIENTIST<br \/>\nMARINE LABORATORY ABERDEEN<br \/>\nPerhaps I can explain the problem with this little diagram here.\u00a0 Normally we would expect for example the number of fish in the sea to be\u00a0 related to the number of young they can produce.<br \/>\nBut as you can see, these are what we would actually observe when and\u00a0 counted the number of fish in the sea. And although they might follow\u00a0 this line, the actual observed points are scattered to a large degree\u00a0 around the line. So the line tells us what we may expect but the reality\u00a0 is something rather different. And that variability is due to things we\u00a0 cannot predict. It\u00a0 s due to things like how well the eggs survive in\u00a0 the sea and that may be due to currents and temperature and so on.<br \/>\nClearly there is a lot of uncertainty but if I go back to this\u00a0 picture here, one thing that we can be certain about is in this corner\u00a0 here. If there\u00a0 s no stock, there\u00a0 s no recruitment. And although we\u00a0 cannot predict these exact points in advance, this line does describe\u00a0 what we would expect on average. And basically what this says is down in\u00a0 this corner we\u00a0 ll get less recruitment than up here. If we have a lot\u00a0 of stocksize, on average we\u00a0 ll get a lot more recruits.<br \/>\nNow in the last ten years or so, the cod stock has been at a low\u00a0 level and we\u00a0 ve had low recruitment combined with a high exploitation\u00a0 rate, which means we\u00a0 re going to stay down in this corner and we risk\u00a0 going down to where there\u00a0 s no stock size.&lt;\/tt&gt;<\/p>\n<p>&lt;tt&gt;WILLEM DEKKER<br \/>\nHet was geen verrassing. Voor mensen in wetenschappelijke kringen,\u00a0 voor zelfs mensen in beleidsadviseringen was het geen verrassing. Het is\u00a0 een beeld dat we al jaren kennen, wat al jaren lang via de ge\u00ebigende\u00a0 kanalen doorgeven is maar wat op de een of andere manier in het\u00a0 politieke krachtenspel niet tot actie leidde. In feite wat begin dit\u00a0 jaar gebeurd is, is dat ietwat te doorbreken en te zeggen: Jongens,\u00a0 horen jullie nu wel wat we met z\u00a0 n allen zeggen. Maar het was geen\u00a0 verrassing.&lt;\/tt&gt;<\/p>\n<p>&lt;tt&gt;DR SIDNEY HOLT<br \/>\nI don\u00a0 t think we have to stop this kind of modelling but we do have\u00a0 to do more than just model the fish-population or even the biological\u00a0 situation. We have to model the actual process of management. We have to\u00a0 be more like engineers than scientists and talk about the human side of\u00a0 this. The way the fisheries work and the way you manage the fishery and\u00a0 that doesn\u00a0 t depend just on the biology of the fish. It doesn\u00a0 t even\u00a0 depend mainly on the biology of the fish. &lt;\/tt&gt;<\/p>\n<p>&lt;tt&gt; It was in the IWC that regulates international whaling that it\u00a0 became clear that the old methods were not working. We were so uncertain\u00a0 about everything: death rate of whales, reproductive rates, catch\u00a0 statistics were not good. Many things. So we had to find a way of\u00a0 dealing with these enormous uncertainty.<br \/>\nAnd a group of scientist came forward with an idea which was not to\u00a0 concentrate on trying to make better models of the population of whales\u00a0 or better estimates of the variables but to model the whole process of\u00a0 managing, setting catch quota, watching what happened and so on. And\u00a0 that\u00a0 s the model.<br \/>\nThe way of doing this, is to invent a method of calculating catch\u00a0 quota for next year which will meet the objectives in some sort of\u00a0 compromised way and testing that out with a computer with all different\u00a0 values of every variable in the model.<br \/>\nBut there\u00a0 s a price to be paid for this. That is that the managers\u00a0 have to commit themselves to apply the procedure and staying with it. It\u00a0\u00a0 s like someone gambling. He\u00a0 s got to gain play and stay with it\u00a0 whatever happens next year you know. &lt;\/tt&gt;<\/p>\n<p>&lt;tt&gt;COMMENTAAR<br \/>\nZou de brede aanpak die door de International Whaling Commission\u00a0 ontwikkeld werd een oplossing kunnen bieden voor de crisis in het\u00a0 visserijbeleid?<br \/>\nIn het Engelse vissersplaatsje Lowestoft werkt men er aan. In dit\u00a0 laboratorium ontwikkelden Sidney Holt en Ray Beverton vijftig jaar\u00a0 geleden het eerste visserijmodel. Nu wordt er gewerkt aan een nieuw\u00a0 visserijbeheerssysteem naar het voorbeeld van de International Whaling\u00a0 Commission. Aan het hoofd van de zogenaamde Fisheries Systems Modelling\u00a0 Group staat Dr Kevin Stokes.&lt;\/tt&gt;<\/p>\n<p>&lt;tt&gt;DR KEVIN STOKES<br \/>\nFISHERY SYSTEMS MODELLER<br \/>\nMARINE LABORATORY LOWESTOFT<br \/>\nIn our models we try to model the system that produces the data\u00a0 production. We model the assessment data itself and we also model the\u00a0 decision masking based on what comes out of the assessments. We also\u00a0 model the feedback that occurs when the decision is implemented it\u00a0 affects fishermen\u00a0 s behaviour and that of course affects the underlying\u00a0 system.<br \/>\nSo we get a range of outcomes for every one simulation, it\u00a0 s not a\u00a0 single set of numbers. Because we collect many numbers for each\u00a0 simulation.<br \/>\nWe\u00a0 re trying to determine what are the best decision rules to meet\u00a0 our objectives, given the understanding of the system. And understanding\u00a0 is what we get through our science.<br \/>\nIt\u00a0 s not, if you like, hard physics or hard biology, but we\u00a0 re\u00a0 dealing with a system which includes human beings as that catch fish,\u00a0 human beings as they make decisions and who have goals in life, who want\u00a0 to achieve certain ends.<br \/>\nIf there\u00a0 s a willingness internationally to put the effort in, on\u00a0 certain fisheries, then, in a matter of the next few years, we could\u00a0 have good management procedures up and running. Implementing them of\u00a0 course and keeping to the implementation is quite another matter. Not\u00a0 necessarily a scientific one.&lt;\/tt&gt;<\/p>\n<p>&lt;tt&gt;DR ROBIN COOK<br \/>\nIn dealing with the IWC-type procedure you explicitly take into\u00a0 account all the uncertainties that you think exist and you can make the\u00a0 kind of forecast which may not be a prediction of precisely how big the\u00a0 stock will be, but you can predict the kind of catch which will be safe\u00a0 in terms of the exploitation rate of the stock. So that\u00a0 s where the IWC\u00a0 procedure can be helpful. &lt;\/tt&gt;<\/p>\n<p>&lt;tt&gt;WILLEM DEKKER<br \/>\nWe weten nu dat onze getalsmatige aanpak van hoeveel vis zit er en\u00a0 welke risico\u00a0 s loop je, toch tot een eindsituatie leidt die we niet\u00a0 willen met z\u00a0 n allen. Die de maatschappij niet wil. Nou dan gaan we een\u00a0 stap verder. Ik kan niet overzien of wat Kevin nu aan het doen is\u00a0 voldoende is, maar het is wel een van de noodzakelijke stappen om verder\u00a0 te komen. &lt;\/tt&gt;<\/p>\n<p>&lt;tt&gt;SIDNEY HOLT<br \/>\nYou just need to have a management authority that stays with the\u00a0 rules for at least several decades. That\u00a0 s politically the most\u00a0 difficult thing to see, to imagine that we can deal with. That we have a\u00a0 management of a natural system which is a long term and not constantly\u00a0 distracted along the way from its long term goals.&lt;\/tt&gt;<\/p>\n<p>&lt;tt&gt;CAMERA\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Piotr Kukla<br \/>\nGELUID\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Bert van den Dungen<br \/>\nMONTAGE\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Andries Udink<br \/>\nREGIE\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Jos Wassink&lt;\/tt&gt;<\/p>\n<p>&lt;tt&gt;EINDREDACTIE\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Rob van Hattum<br \/>\nPRODUKTIE\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Karin Spiegel<br \/>\nMadelein Somer&lt;\/tt&gt;<\/p>\n<p>&lt;tt&gt;&amp;lt;EINDE&amp;gt;&lt;\/tt&gt;<\/p>\n<p>copyright\u00a0 \ufffd Het Inzicht \/ Jos Wassink, 1998<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.joswassink.nl\/insight\/?p=50\">English version &#8211;><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>De Lege Zee VPRO Noorderlicht \/ 25 min \/1997 Kunnen visserijmodellen eigenlijk wel gebruikt worden om visserijbeleid op te baseren? Sinds in &#8217;92 de kabeljauw voor de Canadese oostkust verdween is daar gerede twijfel aan. De onvoorspelbaarheid van de natuur, de onzekerheden in de bepalingen en de kortetermijn visie van de beleidsmakers maken een andere [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3,18],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-91","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-tv","category-vpro-noorderlicht"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.joswassink.nl\/inzicht\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/91","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.joswassink.nl\/inzicht\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.joswassink.nl\/inzicht\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.joswassink.nl\/inzicht\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.joswassink.nl\/inzicht\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=91"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/www.joswassink.nl\/inzicht\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/91\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":541,"href":"https:\/\/www.joswassink.nl\/inzicht\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/91\/revisions\/541"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.joswassink.nl\/inzicht\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=91"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.joswassink.nl\/inzicht\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=91"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.joswassink.nl\/inzicht\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=91"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}